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You need to realise that the shaded triangles have the same base 10 cm but not their perpendicular heights. But one thing you can see is that the sum of their perpendicular heights is equal to 15 cm.
Sum of areas of triangles
= 1/2 x base x height of bottom triangle + 1/2 x base x height of top triangle
= 1/2 x base x (sum the heights)
= 1/2 x 10 x 15
= 75 cm2
Howsoever the combination of heights for each triangle is picked, the total area remains 75 cm2.
Example ①
If one triangle's height = 10cm, the other's height = 15cm - 10cm = 5cm
Their area = ½ x 10 x 5 + ½ x 10 x 10
= 25 + 50
= 75
(Or ½ x 10 x (5 + 10) = ½ x 10 x 15 = 75)
Example ②
If one triangle's height = 3cm, the other's height = 15cm - 3cm = 12cm
Their area = ½ x 10 x 3 + ½ x 10 x 12
= 15 + 60
= 75
(Or ½ x 10 x (3 + 12) = ½ x 10 x 15 = 75)