Hi . If I.F is e^ integral of -3/x its equal to e^-3lnx which is equal to x^-3 right ?

Bro you can sub 1/x as Z, then dZ/dx =-1/x^2
dy/dx =e^(-3/x)
dy=z^(-2)e^(-3z)dz
Integrate this by integration by parts method, then substitute Z back as 1/x

Bro have you done literature research before ? Can help

Yes I have done before. What topics you looking at?

Energy efficiency . Like i have to do proposal and stuff. I have to perform a literature search on technologirs used in powrr plants and evaluate the req in tenrs of raw material, markets for energy , environmental impacts of power plants help pls

OK, when you need to submit the proposal?

But I think you have more resources with the school e database than me to do the literature research

I need to submit asap . But wait what is a literature research? Is it like i just research stuff and then thats it ? I only did a part of it . can i show you and u tell me if its correct pls? I send it here pls pls . Really need to score this project

The part im doing is perform a literature research on technologies used in power plants. I only did one technology . But usually how much do they need ? Max ? For like the technology ? I did one and can u check for me whether im right please

I alr post the part i did on the answer section .

Lit research is doing a review of a topic based on the existing available information. It is better to find out at least three technologies and compare their pros and cons, then make your recommendations.

Can you check for me whether i do right? Cos i alr posted my lit research on the ans section the one u posted ur ans to the nath Q before

Lit research i dont have to like say how the technology works or need say?

You need to describe how it works, like what are the operations to produce energy, petroleum, natural gases, hydrogen etc...How much carbon dioxide produce per tonne of fuel?

Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Technology
To generate power efficiently , technologies are usually used in power plants . The most commonly technology in Singapore’s power plant is known as a combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plant.
In a Combined Cycle, burning gas in a gas turbine (GT) produces not only power (which can be converted to electric power by a coupled generator)but also fairly hot exhaust gases. For this type of cycle the input temperature to turbine and the output temperature of flue gases is very high. This provides enough heat for a second cycle which uses steam as the working medium i.e. thermal power station.
CCGT is a gas turbine generator which generates electricity .It make use of waste heat to make steam in order to generate additional electricity via a steam turbine. CCGT is one of the most efficient technology for the conversion of gas fuels to mechanical power or electricity.
A Combined Cycle Power Plant produces high power outputs at high efficiencies (up to 55%) with low emissions. In a non-combined power plant only 33% of electricity is generated, the remaining 67% being waste. This makes CCGT plants more efficient compared to other power plants as it enables more energy to be removed through two combined cycles.
According to the basic principle of the CCGT, air is compressed by the air compressor and is then transferred to the combustion chamber where it combines with liquid or gaseous fuel to produce high-temperature fuel gas in a process called combustion. Hot gases leaving the combustion chamber expands in the turbine thereby producing output work and discharges to the atmosphere. The waste exhaust gas temperature from gas turbine decreases as it flows into the Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG), which consists of superheater, evaporator and economizer. There the HRSG supplies a steam for the steam turbine in producing electricity.

CCGT plant is commonly used in industries as it has low capital cost. The capital cost for building a combined cycle unit is two thirds the capital cost of a non-combined cycle unit. It is commercially available from anywhere in the world as they are easily manufactured, shipped and transported. The turbines used in CCGT are commonly fuelled with natural gas making energy conservation more sustainable .CCGT use less fuel per kWh and produce fewer emissions than normal power plants, which reduce the environmental damage caused by electricity production.

For CCGT is my lit research right?

This is the second technilogy
Carbon Capture and Storage Technology

One approach to keeping carbon emissions under control is the use of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies that use underground rocks as “storage tanks”.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a technology used to capture carbon dioxide from large point sources such as fossil fuel power plants. When fossil fuels are burnt they produce a range of different gases including oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. CCS focuses on selectively pulling this CO2 out of the gas mixture and preparing it for underground storage.

There are three main process to carry out CCS. The first one is pre-combustion which focuses on capturing carbon dioxide before the fuel is burnt. An air separator strips oxygen from the atmosphere, producing an almost pure stream of oxygen gas. It is then fed into a unit known as the gasifier, which bakes the coal at around 700 °C, releasing a syngas (mixture of gases including hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and steam).

Syngas is converted into hydrogen and carbon dioxide by the adding water to it in a shift reactor. Separating these two gases produces a stream of hydrogen to be burned off. Carbon dioxide which is dehydrated to remove any leftover water is compressed to concentrate the gas into a liquid form for transport and storage.To maximise efficiency of the process, the heat produced by burning the hydrogen is redirected to convert water to steam and so produce more electricity using conventional steam turbines.

The second process is post-combustion. It has the advantage of being able to be retrofitted to existing power plants. Fuel is injected into a boiler with air and burned. Heat produced inside this boiler is used to convert water to steam that in turn powers a set or turbines to produce energy.

The third process is oxyfuel combustion. It burns coal using flue gas and pure oxygen. From this reaction comes heat, which is used to convert water to steam, and a mixture of flue gas and water.

This mixture can be used to regulate the temperature of the boiler before being passed through a carbon dioxide purification unit that first removes other pollutants including sulfur and nitrogen. It then compresses the carbon dioxide and separates it from other non-reactive gases including oxygen and nitrogen to produce a stream of water that has a very high concentration of carbon dioxide. The high concentration of carbon dioxide will then be captured for storage.

The main purpose of CCS is to prevent the release of large quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere which is usually produced from combustion of fossil fuel and other power generation industries that emits carbon dioxide as part of the process or product. This make CCS a good technology to reduce global warming and ocean acidification.

Once the CO2 has been captured from the power plants it is ready to be stored. After transportation by trucks or pipeline, the liquid gas is pumped into porous rock formations that can be kilometres below the surface. At these depths, the temperature and pressure keeps the gas in its liquid form where it is trapped within the geological layer.
Depleted oil fields are often used as storage tanks as a large amount of geological data is easily available.

The most important part of selecting a storage site is the presence of an impermeable rock layer above the porous rock that can prevents the liquid gas from escaping.

The third one i choose solar technology ?

CCS is environmentally friendly, but using Syngas what is the heat produced and converted to electricity?

You can choose tidal energy power plant, instead of solar, because solar panels are usually used in buildings only.

For CCS, you also need to energy used to liquefy the carbon dioxide gas and also to transport them for storing underground, this has environment cost in terms of carbon dioxide and energy cost which offset the carbon dioxide capturing and decrease the energy efficiency of the power plant

Ok means for CSS i just have to redo the parts that you point out right? But for CCGT is everything correct ? Sorry to disturb

But CCS the 3 processes i must still indicate and explain there too right

Ccgt is good. Ya CCS, you can explain the three options and include discussion of the environmental cost and energy cost of CCS

Ok i did the tidal energy also . Can i send the lit search here again and u check for me again pls tyvm . And for CCS i should include the efficiency and like abit of pros and cons and the environmental cost right ? Only this three i need to include .? Is there anymore i have to edit for CCS ? i will send the tidal one here oso tyvm.for helpig

Tidal Energy Technology



Wave, tidal and ocean energy technologies are just beginning to reach viability as potential commercial power sources. While just a few small projects currently exist, the technology is advancing rapidly and has huge potential for generating power.



Tidal energy can be described as the energy ,that results from the moon and the sun’s gravitaional influence on the ocean. Height differences between high and low tides create tidal currents in coastal areas, and these currents can be strong enough to drive turbines.



There are three processes to carry out the tidal energy technology. The first one is Tidal Barrage Energy. It consists of three main parts: The first being the barrage itself, holding the water back during high tide. The second part is the sluice gate that let water through.The sluice gates are left open during high tide and closed during low tide to create a water level differential, resulting in a potential difference that will power the turbine when the water is released.The third part is the turbine and generator which works together for electricity generation.



The second process is Tidal Stream Generator. It is very similar to wind turbines except they are below the water surface instead of above or on land. The turbine and generator converts kinetic energy from the movement of water -cause by change in tide- into electricity. Water is 830 times denser than air and therefore can generate electricity at lower speeds compared to wind turbines.



The third process is Dynamic Tidal Power . Its function is to exploit tidal flows and their interaction between potential and kinetic energy.



Tidal energy is a sustainable resource, which offers many pros than cons. Tidal energy is a clean renewable resource which is more efficient than wind energy due to the density of water and more efficient than solar energy due to its high -80% conversion- efficiency. Tides are also more predictable than wind energy and solar energy, therefore more reliable. Also, tidal energy is effective at low tidal speeds, which means that the turbines can turn more slowly, minimizing impacts to local ecosystems. It is not costly -compared to other technologies in power plants- both in terms of construction and maintenance costs.Tidal energy produces no carbon dioxide, greenhouse gases, or waste .



The only drawback of this technology is from the turbine blades that can strike or entangle marine organisms.As higher speed flowing water can increases the risk of organisms being pulled near these devices.

For the CCS these are all I can think of, for tidal energy powe station, it can be set up at costal areas thus the energy transmission has limited reach.

The tidal wnergy the one u suggest is for the drawback? Also is Tidal energy good too? Or i need to edit some stuffs ? . Can i redo the CCS and i let u see again ? Can please ty

Besides limited distance of power transmission as long distance transmission causes energy loss

Besides limited distance of power transmission as long distance transmission causes energy loss

The rest is good.

Sorry what I mean is there are limited locations you can set up a tidal power plant as compare to the other two technologies

Means i just add . Also there are limitef locstion for this techni to be set up? Also wait i want to send you the redo part cor CSS

Fuck sorry got lot typos

Carbon Capture and Storage Technology

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a technology used to capture carbon dioxide from large point sources such as fossil fuel power plants and preparing it for underground storage.The main purpose of CCS is to prevent the release of large quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere which is usually produced from combustion of fossil fuel and other power generation industries that emits carbon dioxide as part of the process or product. CCS is environmental friendly and helps to reduce global warming and ocean acidification

There are three main process to carry out CCS. The first one is pre-combustion which focuses on capturing carbon dioxide before the fuel is burnt. An air separator strips oxygen from the atmosphere, producing an almost pure stream of oxygen gas. It is then fed into a unit known as the gasifier, which bakes the coal at around 700 °C, releasing a syngas (mixture of gases including hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and steam).

Syngas is converted into hydrogen and carbon dioxide by adding water to it in a shift reactor. Separating these two gases produces a stream of hydrogen to be burned off. Carbon dioxide which is dehydrated to remove any leftover water, is compressed to concentrate the gas into a liquid form for transport and storage.To maximise efficiency of the process, the heat produced by burning the hydrogen is redirected to convert water to steam and so produce more electricity using conventional steam turbines.

The second process is post-combustion. Fuel is injected into a boiler with air and burned. Heat produced inside this boiler is used to convert water to steam that in turn powers a set or turbines to produce energy.

The third process is oxyfuel combustion. It burns coal using flue gas and pure oxygen. From this reaction comes heat, which is used to convert water to steam, and a mixture of flue gas and water.

This mixture can be used to regulate the temperature of the boiler before being passed through a carbon dioxide purification unit. The unit compresses the carbon dioxide and separates it from other non-reactive gases to produce a stream of water that has a very high concentration of carbon dioxide. The high concentration of carbon dioxide will then be captured for storage.

Once the CO2 has been captured from the power plants it is ready to be stored. After transportation by trucks or pipeline, the liquid gas is pumped into porous rock formations that can be depth below the surface. At this point, the temperature and pressure keeps the gas in its liquid form where it is trapped within the geological layer.

The drawback of using this technology is that capturing and compressing carbon dioxide may increase the energy needs of most power plants by 25–40%. This causes an estimated increase of 21–91% in the cost per watt-hour energy produced by fossil fuel power plants. Also applying the technology to existing plants would be more expensive, especially if they are far from a sequestration site.

Is this better ??

Btw uh if u dont mind me asking . Do u score all A for ur subjects to get to NUS?

Hi, ya it is better, the energy increase, for CCS, was provided on the lit?

I din get all As, I took A levels in 2000, 2As and 1B, B3 for GP and Chinese A1.

What do u mean the energy lit ? What do i have to add

I mean you specify the energy cost percent, how did you get these figures

I got it from Wikipedia. Btw ure still here right if i need help with my subs or exams or projects ? I have like 2 more years to go so i hope u can still help?

OK, I will try to help if I can.

Bro help me can . So this is what i have to do for the proposal Proposal:
Based on a combination of your literature search and also your own creative ideas, propose NEW alternative to be used in Singapore considering the following factors:
o Practicality
o Pre and post implementation requirements
o Pricing of energy
o Publicity and outreach o Environmental impacts

I choose pricing of energy . What should i write other than saying its cost per kwh how much it cost as a whole . Please help me :/

The cost of generating electricity includes the capital cost, the financing charges, and the production or operating costs (including fuel and maintenance of the technology) at the point of connection to an electrical load or the electricity grid. When determining what new plant to build, a utility company will compare all these costs across the slate of available generating units.



The cost of electricity can vary greatly from plant to plant, even among plants that uses the same fuel type .Capital costs are the largest component of electric generation costs for most plants. For older plants these costs have been paid, resulting them to produce some of the cheapest electricity in the country since their cost of generating electricity is just their production cost (unless environmental regulations require additional technology to be added during their lifetime).



Production costs are much lower than full levelized costs as seen from the Nuclear Energy Institute’s website. It provides the production costs for nuclear, coal, natural gas, and petroleum generating units.The costs are usually based on data submitted to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) on the FERC Form 1 by electric utility companies.



In 2011, nuclear power had the lowest electricity production costs at 2.10 cents per kilowatt hour, and petroleum had the highest at 21.56 cents per kilowatt hour (on average). However, since only a few petroleum units are used at that cost (petroleum only produced 0.7 percent of U.S. electricity in 2011), it is better to compare nuclear production costs to coal production costs, which averaged 3.23 cents per kilowatt hour and to natural gas production costs which averaged 4.51 cents per kilowatt hour in 2011.



Production costs are much lower than levelized costs as it does not include capital and financing cost. Levelized costs represent the total costs of constructing new power plants including their capital and financing charges. For instance, a new nuclear power plant has one of the highest levelized costs, compared to coal and natural gas-fired plants. Its costs are exceeded only by certain renewable plants, such as offshore wind and solar power, according to the Energy Information Administration (EIA).



Levelized costs represent the instant value of the total cost of building and operating a generating plant over its financial life, it is then converted to equal annual payments and decreases on expected annual generation based on an assumed duty cycle.



The calculation for levelized costs is a comparison on the costs of plants at the start of the operation in the same year , (taking into consideration that the construction time of each technology differs). For example, nuclear plants take longer to build than natural gas combined cycle plants or wind installations. The levelized cost includes the capital component, the fixed and variable operation and maintenance components, and a transmission component.



EIA provides an estimation for the levelized costs for each technology. It represents the National Energy Modeling System (a modeling system that is used to produce the forecasts for the Annual Energy Outlook). The agency provides the costs for dispatchable technologies (such as coal and natural gas) and for non-dispatchable technologies (such as wind and solar) separately because they are not directly comparable.



System operators must take the generation from non-dispatchable technologies when their generation is available at irregular intervals, example, when the sun shines or the wind blows. Dispatchable technologies are under the control of the system operator who applies them to the grid in the order of least marginal cost as the demand for electricity increases.When the wind stops blowing or the sun stops shining, a dispatchable technology must be available to supply the demand.



Non-dispatchable technologies supply energy, but not its capacity since they cannot be counted on continually to meet demand. Some analysts believe that a non-dispatchable technology should pay a capacity charge to cover the cost of building and operating the back-up technology when the intermittent technology is unavailable.



Generating costs for technologies differ by the cost to construct, maintain, and operate them as well as the cost to connect them to the grid. Plants that have already paid for their capital and interest charges will obviously have the cheapest electricity costs. If plants are forced into closure due to government regulations, the replacement plants will produce much more expensive electricity.

Is there like anything i have to remove

Bro help me plslslsls

The 2nd last post is your writing?

When you need to submit, I think you need to consider all factors not only pricing...You also need to suggest a New alternative of generating power.

Help wait means i have to redo the whole thing? Ya i wrote all ofthat . Which paragraph i should cancel ? And what should i add ? Also im doing pricing of energy and idk what more to add . I have ti submit this saturday? To my friend

This is a group project?

Yes . Im doing pricing of energy . The other members are doing the other 4 points . I cant consult my groupmates cos they not helping at all . So pls help me . Is my writting for pricing of energy ok? Do i have to add or delete some para ? Sorry to disturb u leh but ya

Is there anything that i have to add or remove? For pricing of energy

OK, when are you submitting to them tmrw, can you give me some time till 2 pm tmrw

What did your group propose for the power plant technology?

Okok thank you so much

Bro, what technology your group suggesting for the power plant? Need this info to make a comparison between various options your group considered before choosing the technology.

Nuclear energy plant

They only choose one . And they just ask me do pricing of energy so how liao leh. Do i have to redo everything . Sian

Hi bro, your writing only includes the methods of evaluating cost based on production and capital cost, your topic is on pricing of energy, on basic economic terms you price the energy based on the marginal revenue you earn from an extra unit of energy produced and the marginal cost of producing an extra unit of energy, and so in pricing the energy you need to take note of how long you want the place g to break even on the building of the plant and for eg break even period is 20 years, your building cost is 10 million, you need to factor in the annualised cost or monthly cost by taking 10 mil divided by 20 divided by 12...And also you need to set how much profit you want to earn...Looking at your competitors' pricing if any, and your marginal cost of production...

Wait what wait thats so complicated wait so what must i add on ? But the things u said like profit and stuff means i have to do the calculation all by myself ? CAN YOU HELP ME PLEASE :_: pls means i have to redo everything ? BRO PLS HELP

Dun have to redo, just add in the part on marginal production cost of nuclear energy and the average cost of building a nuclear plant...The break even period the profits you want vis a vis market pricing of electricity here.

You dun really have to calculate, you can search for this info like the electricity pricing in Singapore and the capital cost of building a nuclear plant.

https://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/electric-generating-costs-a-primer/

https://www.ema.gov.sg/Residential_Electricity_Tariffs.aspx

So i have to add arginal production cost , average cost , break even period
but what is vis a vis market pricing?

The sources you sent me are they for marginal production cost , average cost and break even period ?

I really dont have to redo? But is my research the one i did ^ is out of context ? Cos like they ask for pricing of energy but i go do abt something else what should i remove from the research i made ?

https://files.acrobat.com/a/preview/b0eb1cdd-db39-4937-9e47-df7ce6df551f

Will u still be here till night cos i going to add the points u told me to and i want you to check for me again

You dun have to redo, this provides the background...Bro the first one is on nuclear production cost, the 2nd one is on energy pricing for residences in Singapore, the third one is on capital cost of building nuclear plant.

Ya I will be here tonight after 10:30 pm..I have a gathering tonight from 6:30 pm to 9:30 pm.

Just want to recheck again so i have to add marginal production cost , average cost and break even period only right ? The three souces u sent me are they for the three points ^ that i have to add ?

Also what is vis a vis market pricing?

And what u mean by first is ...second ...and third is.... ? U mean the first and sec i alr include in my research ? Only third one left or

Bro they are referring to the links I sent...The marginal cost of production is equivalent to the production cost of nuclear energy in first link. The 2nd link is the market pricing of houses electricity in Singapore, vis a vis market pricing means compare to market pricing...Third link is the building cost of a nuclear plant.

Ok sorry liao

Basically the pricing will be like taking this formula, monthly cost of building plant / total unit of energy produced monthly + cost of per unit energy production.

Taking the market pricing of energy in Singapore and do a comparison, hopefully it is comparable, and pricing can be adjusted if capital cost breaks even, you can put in this point too.

Bro, I am free after 10:30 pm to look at your writing

Bro waitt i havent finish cos i trying to rephrase some stuff sorry but i will send you asap pls help me check

OK, I will do it tmrw morning, need to sleep.

By the way the first link u sent me right i alr include it in my research bcos i use that link to find most of the infos but then is my research still lacking things from link 1?

Wait i add but then my research got very long help

PRICING OF ENERGY



The cost of generating electricity includes the capital cost, the financing charges, and the production or operating costs (including fuel and maintenance of the technology) at the point of connection to an electrical load or the electricity grid. When determining what new plant to build, a utility company will compare all these costs across the slate of available generating units.

The cost of electricity can vary greatly from plant to plant, even among plants that uses the same fuel type .Capital costs are the largest component of electric generation costs for most plants. For older plants these costs have been paid, resulting them to produce some of the cheapest electricity in the country since their cost of generating electricity is just their production cost (unless environmental regulations require additional technology to be added during their lifetime).

Production costs are much lower than full levelized costs as seen from the Nuclear Energy Institute’s website. It provides the production costs for nuclear, coal, natural gas, and petroleum generating units.The costs are usually based on data submitted to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) on the FERC Form 1 by electric utility companies.

In 2011, nuclear power had the lowest electricity production costs at 2.10 cents per kilowatt hour, and petroleum had the highest at 21.56 cents per kilowatt hour (on average). However, since only a few petroleum units are used at that cost (petroleum only produced 0.7 percent of U.S. electricity in 2011), it is better to compare nuclear production costs to coal production costs, which averaged 3.23 cents per kilowatt hour and to natural gas production costs which averaged 4.51 cents per kilowatt hour in 2011.

Production costs are much lower than levelized costs as it does not include capital and financing cost. Levelized costs represent the total costs of constructing new power plants including their capital and financing charges. For instance, a new nuclear power plant has one of the highest levelized costs, compared to coal and natural gas-fired plants. Its costs are exceeded only by certain renewable plants, such as offshore wind and solar power, according to the Energy Information Administration (EIA).

Levelized costs represent the instant value of the total cost of building and operating a generating plant over its financial life, it is then converted to equal annual payments and decreases on expected annual generation based on an assumed duty cycle.

The calculation for levelized costs is a comparison on the costs of plants at the start of the operation in the same year , (taking into consideration that the construction time of each technology differs). For example, nuclear plants take longer to build than natural gas combined cycle plants or wind installations. The levelized cost includes the capital component, the fixed and variable operation and maintenance components, and a transmission component.

EIA provides an estimation for the levelized costs for each technology. It represents the National Energy Modeling System (a modeling system that is used to produce the forecasts for the Annual Energy Outlook). The agency provides the costs for dispatchable technologies (such as coal and natural gas) and for non-dispatchable technologies (such as wind and solar) separately because they are not directly comparable.

System operators must take the generation from non-dispatchable technologies when their generation is available at irregular intervals, example, when the sun shines or the wind blows. Dispatchable technologies are under the control of the system operator who applies them to the grid in the order of least marginal cost as the demand for electricity increases.When the wind stops blowing or the sun stops shining, a dispatchable technology must be available to supply the demand.

Non-dispatchable technologies supply energy, but not its capacity since they cannot be counted on continually to meet demand. Some analysts believe that a non-dispatchable technology should pay a capacity charge to cover the cost of building and operating the back-up technology when the intermittent technology is unavailable.

Generating costs for technologies differ by the cost to construct, maintain, and operate them as well as the cost to connect them to the grid. Plants that have already paid for their capital and interest charges will obviously have the cheapest electricity costs. If plants are forced into closure due to government regulations, the replacement plants will produce much more expensive electricity.

Residential consumers in Singapore buy electricity from SP Group, a market support services company regulated by the EMA. The tariff set by SP Services is reviewed each quarter, and is regulated by the EMA to reflect the actual cost of electricity.This tariff consists of two key components , fuel cost and non-fuel cost.

The fuel cost, or cost of imported natural gas, is tied to oil prices by commercial contracts, which change depending on global market conditions. This component of the tariff is calculated using the average of daily natural gas prices in the first two-and-a-half month period in the preceding quarter. For instance, on average, natural gas price between April and June is used to set the tariff for July to September.

The non-fuel cost is the cost of generating and delivering electricity to homes. It includes four things:

Firstly is the Power Generation Cost , which covers mainly the costs of operating the power stations, such as the manpower and maintenance costs, as well as the capital costs of the stations. Secondly is the Grid Charge, which is used to recover the cost of transporting electricity through the power grid.

Thirdly is Market Support Services (MSS) Fee which is used to recover the cost of billing and meter reading. Lastly is the Power System Operation and Market Administration Fees , the fees are used to recover the cost of operating the power system and administering the wholesale electricity market . Both of the fees are reviewed annually.

Brooooo is it still lacking something if yes tell me pls pls i dont want to fail this proposal :/ pls help . And also is there anythinf that i have to remove like the para ? And is it too long -3pages- for just pricing of energy ? And can you tell me if i really did ok ? Please help ur bro here and aft u finish read everything does it make sense . Pls tell me if i need to chnge some stuff or its too much or still lacking something pls thank you :(

Bro, you have not added in your pricing of nuclear energy production, and for Singapore pricing it is for you to do a comparison after you price the nuclear energy.

But how should i do? I have to create my own price??

Can u help me for that last part . Idk how to price :/ pls

The pricing you just specify your plant capital cost break even period to find the monthly capital cost divided by the targeted energy production unit, then add in unit production cost, you need to set your capital cost break even period and your monthly production target, the capital cost and production cost you can get it from the links I sent

For the pricing of our nuclear energy , the monthly capital cost is 4000/KW as the break even tariff is 8.4cents /KWH . The unit production cost of builing a nuclear power plant will be $3billion is this ok? .

Is that the right words for the proposal? And btw ure sure right its not too much what i wrote above ?

Ya should be ok

The lecturer has set any page or word limits for the proposal? If no, then should be ok

Wait really ? It doesnt sound weird at all? So i jus add in that one sentence then jts done ? Really ? And i dont have to remove any paragraphs ? Its not too long?

The sp part maybe just states the average electricity pricing for industrial and residence, dun need to talk about how they set it

I mean the values you specify you need to provide the reference and best you show your workings to get the final pricing.

I send u a new one u check for me again pls . I mean u read everything back pls sorry and thanks

Ok

Sorry but how do i show the working for monthly capital?

You can put in the calculation.

No i mean how to calculate the monthly capitwl cost ? What x what

Monthly capital cost = capital cost divided by break even period divided by 12 divided by monthly production target

Eh sorry wait but why i search in google capital cost of nuclear plant it give me the overnight one

What overnight one, sorry I am not sure about it, can you try to figure it out by yourself...I am quite tired mentally.

My friend say its too long . Uh which pqragraph should i remove?

Can you show me the whole writing

The cost of generating electricity includes the capital cost, the financing charges, and the production or operating costs (including fuel and maintenance of the technology) at the point of connection to an electrical load or the electricity grid. When determining what new plant to build, a utility company will compare all these costs across the slate of available generating units.
The cost of electricity can vary greatly from plant to plant, even among plants that uses the same fuel type .Capital costs are the largest component of electric generation costs for most plants. For older plants these costs have been paid, resulting them to produce some of the cheapest electricity in the country since their cost of generating electricity is just their production cost (unless environmental regulations require additional technology to be added during their lifetime).
Production costs are much lower than full levelized costs as seen from the Nuclear Energy Institute’s website. It provides the production costs for nuclear, coal, natural gas, and petroleum generating units.The costs are usually based on data submitted to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) on the FERC Form 1 by electric utility companies.
In 2011, nuclear power had the lowest electricity production costs at 2.10 cents per kilowatt hour, and petroleum had the highest at 21.56 cents per kilowatt hour (on average). However, since only a few petroleum units are used at that cost (petroleum only produced 0.7 percent of U.S. electricity in 2011), it is better to compare nuclear production costs to coal production costs, which averaged 3.23 cents per kilowatt hour and to natural gas production costs which averaged 4.51 cents per kilowatt hour in 2011.
Production costs are much lower than levelized costs as it does not include capital and financing cost. Levelized costs represent the total costs of constructing new power plants including their capital and financing charges. For instance, a new nuclear power plant has one of the highest levelized costs, compared to coal and natural gas-fired plants. Its costs are exceeded only by certain renewable plants, such as offshore wind and solar power, according to the Energy Information Administration (EIA).
EIA provides an estimation for the levelized costs for each technology. It represents the National Energy Modeling System (a modeling system that is used to produce the forecasts for the Annual Energy Outlook). The agency provides the costs for dispatchable technologies (such as coal and natural gas) and for non-dispatchable technologies (such as wind and solar) separately because they are not directly comparable.
Levelized costs represent the instant value of the total cost of building and operating a generating plant over its financial life, it is then converted to equal annual payments and decreases on expected annual generation based on an assumed duty cycle.
The calculation for levelized costs is a comparison on the costs of plants at the start of the operation in the same year , (taking into consideration that the construction time of each technology differs). For example, nuclear plants take longer to build than natural gas combined cycle plants or wind installations. The levelized cost includes the capital component, the fixed and variable operation and maintenance components, and a transmission component.
System operators must take the generation from non-dispatchable technologies when their generation is available at irregular intervals, example, when the sun shines or the wind blows. Dispatchable technologies are under the control of the system operator who applies them to the grid in the order of least marginal cost as the demand for electricity increases.When the wind stops blowing or the sun stops shining, a dispatchable technology must be available to supply the demand.
Non-dispatchable technologies supply energy, but not its capacity since they cannot be counted on continually to meet demand. Some analysts believe that a non-dispatchable technology should pay a capacity charge to cover the cost of building and operating the back-up technology when the intermittent technology is unavailable.
Generating costs for technologies differ by the cost to construct, maintain, and operate them as well as the cost to connect them to the grid. Plants that have already paid for their capital and interest charges will obviously have the cheapest electricity costs. If plants are forced into closure due to government regulations, the replacement plants will produce much more expensive electricity.
Residential consumers in Singapore buy electricity from SP Group, a market support services company regulated by the EMA. The tariff set by SP Services consists of two key components , fuel cost and non-fuel cost.
The fuel cost, or cost of imported natural gas, is tied to oil prices by commercial contracts, which change depending on global market conditions. This component of the tariff is calculated using the average of daily natural gas prices in the first two-and-a-half month period in the preceding quarter. For instance, on average, natural gas price between April and June is used to set the tariff for July to September.
The non-fuel cost is the cost of generating and delivering electricity to homes. It includes four things:
Firstly is the Power Generation Cost , which covers mainly the costs of operating the power stations, such as the manpower and maintenance costs, as well as the capital costs of the stations. Secondly is the Grid Charge, which is used to recover the cost of transporting electricity through the power grid.
Thirdly is Market Support Services (MSS) Fee which is used to recover the cost of billing and meter reading. Lastly is the Power System Operation and Market Administration Fees , the fees are used to recover the cost of operating the power system and administering the wholesale electricity market . Both of the fees are reviewed annually.
For the proposal , we have come to a conclusion for the pricing of energy. The monthly capital cost of the nuclear energy that we have proposed is $4000/kW as the break even tariff is $0.084/kWh. The unit production cost of building a nuclear power plant will be 3 billion dollars since the average cost of building a nuclear power plant is between 2 to 4 billion.

Which one should remvoe?

You can summarize the cost of producing energy as a sum of production cost and levellized cost, dun have to give examples of natural gas, coal gas, etc

Dun need to mention how electricity in Singapore is priced, just list down the current cost of electricity.

If you want to describe the pricing here, just state the various components without going into details

The cost of generating electricity includes the capital cost, the financing charges, and the production of operating costs at the point of connection to an electrical load.When determining what new plant to build, a utility company will compare all these costs across the slate of available generating units.

The cost of electricity can vary greatly from plant to plant, even among plants that uses the same fuel type .Capital costs are the largest component of electric generation costs for most plants.

Production costs are much lower than full levelized costs as it provides the production costs for nuclear, coal, natural gas, and petroleum generating units.The costs are usually based on data submitted to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) on the FERC Form 1 by electric utility companies.

In 2011, nuclear power had the lowest electricity production costs at 2.10 cents per kilowatt hour, and petroleum had the highest at 21.56 cents per kilowatt hour (on average). However, since only a few petroleum units are used at that cost (petroleum only produced 0.7 percent of U.S. electricity in 2011), it is better to compare nuclear production costs to coal production costs, which averaged 3.23 cents per kilowatt hour and to natural gas production costs which averaged 4.51 cents per kilowatt hour in 2011.

Levelized costs represent the total costs of constructing new power plants including their capital and financing charges. It also represent the instant value of the total cost of building and operating a generating plant over its financial life, it is then converted to equal annual payments and decreases on expected annual generation based on an assumed duty cycle.

The calculation for levelized costs is a comparison on the costs of plants at the start of the operation in the same year , (taking into consideration that the construction time of each technology differs).

System operators must take the generation from non-dispatchable technologies when their generation is available at irregular intervals, example, when the sun shines or the wind blows. Dispatchable technologies are under the control of the system operator who applies them to the grid in the order of least marginal cost as the demand for electricity increases.When the wind stops blowing or the sun stops shining, a dispatchable technology must be available to supply the demand.

Generating costs for technologies differ by the cost to construct, maintain, and operate them as well as the cost to connect them to the grid. Plants that have already paid for their capital and interest charges will obviously have the cheapest electricity costs.

Residential consumers in Singapore buy electricity from SP Group, a market support services company regulated by the EMA. The tariff set by SP Services consists of two key components , fuel cost and non-fuel cost.

The fuel cost, or cost of imported natural gas, is tied to oil prices by commercial contracts, which change depending on global market conditions. This component of the tariff is calculated using the average of daily natural gas prices in the first two-and-a-half month period in the preceding quarter. For instance, on average, natural gas price between April and June is used to set the tariff for July to September.
The non-fuel cost is the cost of generating and delivering electricity to homes. It includes four things:

Firstly is the Power Generation Cost , which covers mainly the costs of operating the power stations, such as the manpower and maintenance costs, as well as the capital costs of the stations. Secondly is the Grid Charge, which is used to recover the cost of transporting electricity through the power grid.

Thirdly is Market Support Services (MSS) Fee which is used to recover the cost of billing and meter reading. Lastly is the Power System Operation and Market Administration Fees , the fees are used to recover the cost of operating the power system and administering the wholesale electricity market . Both of the fees are reviewed annually.

For the proposal , we have come to a conclusion for the pricing of energy. The monthly capital cost of the nuclear energy that we have proposed is $4000/kW as the break even tariff is $0.084/kWh. The unit production cost of building a nuclear power plant will be 3 billion dollars since the average cost of building a nuclear power plant is between 2 to 4 billion.

Is this ok i miss out some infos?

Sorry for the late reply...I think it is OK.

Hi do u take occupational health before ? If yes how to find LD50 and LC50 from graph of mortality vs concentration of gas in ppm

Just read off 50% from the mortality axis and find the ppm gas conc

That one for ld50 right . But for lc50 how eh

Same concept

Means lc50 and ld50 will have the same ans ?

Your graph is for gas concentration ppm mg/l or mg/kg dose?

Because you said you are looking at gas conc so it it lc50

Gas conc ppm. But the Q ask me to find ld50 .

Pls send me the qn

Ok wait

I post alr

Got 2 question btw but i cannot post both . So i post the first one first

Bro could not locate your profile under my history, can you tell me under which cat you posted

My battery low , will answer you after reach home if it runs out

I post under H3 maths

Eh wait why everytime i post it dissapear???

I post alr . If u still cant receive i will post the Q in the answer sec on the math post u help me before

Cannot see your qn

Ok wait i alr post the Q at the ans section since idky when i post at the real plc it dissapears . I post at the ans sec the one where u help me with the math Q .

Can tell me under which cat and which date

Its 1 month ago H2 maths

Sorry for the inconvenience

Bro 6 ppm in this case is not gas concentration mg/l, it is mg/kg of blood

But how u know its dose ? It doesnt say dose . It just say conc ?

The x axis says concentration wouldnt it be lc50 and not ld50? . Wait i have another Q let me send u at the same plx ?

No concentration not necessarily gas, it can be blood concentration

But how do u know the conc is for ld50 or lc50 .

And is ld50 occur when ppl inhaled or ingest it ? . I post the next Q at the same plc if ure free can u help me take a look at it thank yoi

Ld50 is ingestion, lc50 is inhalation of gas..I have answered in that question pls see

LC 50 is the concentration of the substance presence in the gas that is inhaled by the test animals that caused 50% mortality while ld50 is the amount of the substance fed to the subject per unit weight of the subject causing 50% death.

Bro sorry but the question ask me whether the ans for part a is for lc50 or ld50 . But the graph is mortality vs conc isnt it suppose to be lc50? Pls help me . I want to know like how to differentiate lc50 and ld50 in graph? Cos u said mortality vs conc is lc50 and mortality vs dose is for ld50 but if the question doesnt state if its dose or conc then how to know ? Like if the question just give conc doesnt state dose how tonknow

It depends on if it is being fed or inhaled, not on the graph.

Means the ans for 3b is lc50?

Yes if inhaled

Means the Q will state whether its inhale and ingest but finding ld50 and lc50 is exactly the same right ? . Btw do u take unit operation . If yes can u look at my graph

I will send at the ans section again

Yes they will specify. Sorry bro I am not feeling well, I will try to reply you when better

Bro for constant pressure filtration . Is it valid to keep the parameters constant ?

Bro why u nvr help me anymore sia . Help me leh . Last i promise. How to use excel for 10x10 matrices eh

Sorry was quite busy. You need to evaluate a 10*10 matrix with excel?

What parameters you have for your pressure filtration equation

Ya can help me please . I want to get an A for this project . Pls help me . And dont delete this app leh cos u need to help me :/

The pressure filtration can u help me with that aft the excel 10x10 matrices pls :(

What is the 10*10 matrice you have?

I alr post the question if u cannot see tell me i post it on the ans sec

Under which category?

JC 2 H1maths

If u cant help me tonight can help me tomoro morning pls thank you :(

Bro u will help me right i mean i wont bother u everytime leh only sometimes if i really dk how to do the work or project . So pls help me

OK I will do it tmrw, need to rest now